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Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Chapter 1 Fundamental Surveying -- 1.1 Introductory Remarks -- 1.2 Definitions -- 1.2.1 Surveying -- 1.2.2 Engineering and Mine Surveying -- 1.3 Plane and Geodetic Surveying -- 1.4 Measuring Techniques -- 1.4.1 Plane Surveying Measurements and Instruments -- 1.4.2 Geodetic Measuring Techniques -- 1.3.3 Basic Measuring Principles and Error Management -- 1.4 Measurement Types -- 1.4.3 Linear Measurements -- 1.4.2 Traversing -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- 1.6 Reference for Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 Levelling -- 2.1 Introductory Remarks -- 2.2 Definitions of Levelling Terminologies -- 2.3 Example: The Australian Height Datum (AHD) -- 2.4 Instrumentation: Automatic Level and Staff -- 2.4.1 Setting the instrument for area levelling -- 2.4.2 Levelling the instrument -- 2.4.3 Focusing the instrument -- 2.4.3.1 Eyepiece focus -- 2.4.3.2 Object focus -- 2.4.3.3 Backsights and Foresights -- 2.4.4 Reading the staff interval -- 2.4.4.1 Staff reading -- 2.4.4.2 Staff handling -- 2.4.5 Collimation checks (Two peg test) -- 2.5 Measuring and Reduction Techniques -- 2.5.1 Basic Rules of Levelling -- 2.5.2 Levelling Specifications in Australia -- 2.5.3 Differential Levelling: The "Rise and Fall" method -- 2.5.4 Booking and field reduction procedures for levelling -- 2.5.5 Rise and Fall Booking and Reduction Procedures -- Three wire booking: using the stadia wires -- 2.5.6 Area Levelling: The "Rise and Fall" Method -- 2.5.7 Area Levelling: The "Height of Collimation" Method -- 2.6 Examples of Levelling for Height Control -- 2.6.1 Civil Engineering for a Road Excavation Exercise -- 2.6.2 Mining Engineering Surveying for a Site Development -- 2.6.3 Grid Layout for levelling -- 2.6.4 Orthogonal Grid Layout Methods -- 2.6.5 Height from Vertical Inclination -- 2.7 Errors in Levelling and Management Strategies

This book reviews the key conceptions and economic theories of poverty, explains poverty-environment nexus, and finally offers innovative socio-economic and scientific geospatial solutions for the 21st Century. ?The book makes it possible for our readers to understand poverty thorough a concise review of the major theoretical economic frameworks, measures of poverty, and points out the need to understand rural-urban dichotomy of poverty. We find the theories and measures to be less-than perfect and therefore point out the need to treat these measures and theories as convenient tools lacking pe